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Friday, February 13, 2026

Current Viral Infections in Pakistan (2026): A Clinical Overview – A Doctor’s Advisory

Introduction

In Pakistan, seasonal and vector-borne viral infections remain a recurring public health concern. As of 2026, the most commonly observed viral illnesses include Dengue Fever, Seasonal Influenza, and occasional localized waves of COVID-19.

Patients frequently present with fever, body aches, fatigue, and respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms, often making it difficult to differentiate between these conditions without proper evaluation. This article provides a professional clinical overview of the causes, disease progression, diagnosis, prevention strategies, and treatment approaches for these prevalent viral infections in Pakistan.


1. Dengue Fever

Dengue Fever
Causes

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. The infection does not spread directly from person to person.

Dengue cases typically increase during and after the monsoon season due to stagnant water accumulation, which facilitates mosquito breeding.


Disease Progression

Dengue infection usually follows three phases:

1. Febrile Phase (Days 1–3)

  • Sudden high-grade fever

  • Severe body and joint pain

  • Headache (often retro-orbital)

  • Nausea and vomiting

2. Critical Phase (Days 4–6)

  • Platelet count may drop

  • Risk of plasma leakage

  • Possible bleeding manifestations

  • Risk of shock in severe cases

3. Recovery Phase

  • Gradual stabilization of platelet count

  • Improvement in appetite and strength

The critical phase requires careful monitoring, especially in high-risk patients.


Diagnosis

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) to monitor platelet levels

  • Dengue NS1 antigen test (early detection)

  • Dengue IgM and IgG antibody testing

Early laboratory confirmation helps guide safe management and monitoring.


Prevention

  • Elimination of stagnant water sources

  • Use of mosquito repellents and protective clothing

  • Community-based vector control measures

  • Public awareness campaigns


Treatment

There is no specific antiviral therapy for dengue. Management is supportive and includes:

  • Adequate hydration (oral or intravenous fluids)

  • Paracetamol for fever and pain

  • Avoidance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin due to bleeding risk

  • Hospital monitoring in moderate to severe cases


2. Seasonal Influenza
Seasonal Influenza

Causes

Seasonal influenza is caused by Influenza A and Influenza B viruses. It spreads via respiratory droplets during coughing, sneezing, or close contact.

In Pakistan, flu cases commonly increase during the winter months.


Disease Progression

  • Incubation period: 1–4 days

  • Sudden onset of fever

  • Dry cough

  • Sore throat

  • Muscle aches and fatigue

Most individuals recover within 5–10 days. However, elderly individuals, pregnant women, children, and patients with chronic diseases are at higher risk for complications.


Diagnosis

  • Primarily clinical assessment

  • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (when indicated)


Prevention

  • Annual influenza vaccination

  • Proper hand hygiene

  • Use of masks in crowded or high-risk environments

  • Avoiding close contact with infected individuals


Treatment

  • Rest and adequate fluid intake

  • Paracetamol for fever

  • Antiviral medications such as oseltamivir (in high-risk patients or early in the disease course, as prescribed by a physician)


3. COVID-19
Covid-19

Causes

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and spreads primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact.


Disease Progression

  • Mild cases: Fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue

  • Moderate cases: Pneumonia symptoms

  • Severe cases: Low oxygen levels, respiratory distress

While current waves tend to be milder compared to earlier years, vulnerable populations remain at risk.


Diagnosis

  • PCR testing (gold standard)

  • Rapid antigen testing


Prevention

  • Vaccination according to national guidelines

  • Mask usage during outbreaks

  • Isolation of symptomatic individuals

  • Hand hygiene


Treatment

  • Symptomatic management

  • Oxygen therapy in moderate to severe cases

  • Antiviral therapy in selected patients as per clinical guidelines


Summary

As of 2026, Dengue Fever and Seasonal Influenza are among the most frequently reported viral infections in Pakistan, with occasional localized COVID-19 activity. While most cases are mild and self-limiting, early recognition and proper monitoring are essential to prevent complications—particularly in dengue, where platelet levels may decline rapidly.


Conclusion

Viral infections remain a significant but manageable health challenge in Pakistan. Timely diagnosis, appropriate supportive care, and adherence to preventive measures significantly reduce morbidity and complications.

Patients are strongly advised to avoid self-medication, particularly with NSAIDs in suspected dengue cases, and to seek medical consultation if symptoms worsen or warning signs appear. Public health awareness and community cooperation remain critical in controlling seasonal outbreaks.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is every fever in Pakistan due to dengue?

No. Fever may result from various viral or bacterial infections. Laboratory testing is required for confirmation.

2. When should a patient seek emergency care?

Immediate medical attention is required if there is persistent vomiting, bleeding, severe weakness, breathing difficulty, or low oxygen levels.

3. Can dengue spread from person to person?

No. Dengue is transmitted through mosquito bites, not direct human contact.

4. Is the flu vaccine necessary every year?

Yes. Influenza viruses mutate frequently, making annual vaccination advisable, especially for high-risk groups.

5. Are COVID-19 cases still occurring in Pakistan?

Yes, though generally milder than previous waves, localized outbreaks still occur.


References

World Health Organization. Dengue and Severe Dengue. Available at: www.who.int
World Health Organization. Influenza (Seasonal). Available at: www.who.int
National Institutes of Health Pakistan. Infectious Disease Surveillance Reports. Available at: www.nih.org.pk
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 Guidance. Available at: www.cdc.gov

Saturday, February 7, 2026

HIV vs AIDS: Understanding the Difference, Causes, Progression, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment

Introduction

HIV and AIDS are often used as interchangeable terms, but medically they are not the same. Understanding the difference between HIV and AIDS is essential for early diagnosis, effective treatment, prevention, and reducing fear and stigma in society.

This article provides a clear medical explanation of how HIV and AIDS differ, how one leads to the other, and how modern medicine has transformed HIV into a manageable condition.


What Is HIV?

HIV is a virus that attacks the human immune system. It primarily damages immune cells responsible for protecting the body against infections.

Key points:

  • HIV is the virus

  • It weakens the immune system

  • It can exist in the body for many years without symptoms

  • With treatment, a person can live a normal life


What Is AIDS?

AIDS is not a virus. It is the final and most severe stage of HIV infection.

A person is diagnosed with AIDS when:

  • The immune system becomes severely damaged

  • The body can no longer fight infections

  • Certain serious infections or cancers appear


Main Difference Between HIV and AIDS

AspectHIVAIDS
NatureVirusDisease stage
CauseInfects immune systemCaused by untreated HIV
SymptomsMay be absent for yearsSevere and life-threatening
TreatmentControlled with medicationRequires intensive medical care
TransmissionCan spread to othersAIDS itself does not spread

How Does HIV Turn Into AIDS?

Without treatment:

  • HIV continues damaging immune cells

  • The immune system weakens over time

  • After several years, AIDS can develop

With proper treatment:

  • HIV does not progress to AIDS

  • The immune system remains strong


Diagnosis and Testing

Tests for HIV include:

  • Antibody testing

  • Combination testing

  • Viral load testing

  • Immune cell count testing

AIDS is diagnosed based on immune system damage and severe infections.


Treatment and Prevention

  • HIV has no permanent cure

  • Modern medicines control the virus

  • Early treatment prevents AIDS

  • Safe practices prevent HIV transmission


Summary

HIV is the virus.
AIDS is the result of untreated HIV.
With awareness, testing, and treatment, AIDS can be completely prevented.


Conclusion

HIV and AIDS are not the same. Medical science has made it possible to live a long, healthy life with HIV. Education and early care save lives.


Frequently Asked Questions

Can someone have HIV without AIDS?
Yes, most people with treatment never develop AIDS.

Is AIDS contagious?
No. Only HIV can spread.



ایچ آئی وی اور ایڈز میں کیا فرق ہے؟ ایک جامع اور آسان طبی وضاحت


تعارف

ایچ آئی وی اور ایڈز کو اکثر ایک ہی سمجھ لیا جاتا ہے، حالانکہ طبی لحاظ سے یہ دونوں ایک جیسی چیزیں نہیں ہیں۔ ان دونوں کے فرق کو سمجھنا نہایت ضروری ہے تاکہ بروقت تشخیص، درست علاج اور بیماری سے بچاؤ ممکن ہو سکے۔

یہ مضمون سادہ اردو میں اس بات کی وضاحت کرتا ہے کہ ایچ آئی وی اور ایڈز کیا ہیں، ان میں کیا فرق ہے، اور جدید طب نے اس بیماری کو کیسے قابو میں کیا ہے۔


ایچ آئی وی کیا ہے؟

ایچ آئی وی ایک وائرس ہے جو انسانی جسم کے دفاعی نظام پر حملہ کرتا ہے۔ یہ بیماری نہیں بلکہ بیماری پیدا کرنے والا وائرس ہے۔

اہم نکات:

  • ایچ آئی وی ایک وائرس ہے

  • یہ جسم کے مدافعتی نظام کو کمزور کرتا ہے

  • کئی سال تک علامات ظاہر نہیں ہوتیں

  • علاج سے عام زندگی ممکن ہے


ایڈز کیا ہے؟

ایڈز کوئی وائرس نہیں بلکہ ایچ آئی وی کی آخری اور خطرناک حالت ہے۔

ایڈز کی تشخیص اس وقت ہوتی ہے جب:

  • جسم کا دفاعی نظام شدید کمزور ہو جائے

  • جسم انفیکشن سے لڑنے کے قابل نہ رہے

  • سنگین بیماریاں ظاہر ہو جائیں


ایچ آئی وی اور ایڈز میں بنیادی فرق

پہلوایچ آئی ویایڈز
نوعیتوائرسبیماری کی حالت
وجہمدافعتی نظام پر حملہبغیر علاج ایچ آئی وی
علاماتکئی سال تک نہیں ہوتیںشدید اور جان لیوا
علاجدواؤں سے قابو میںپیچیدہ علاج کی ضرورت
پھیلاؤایک شخص سے دوسرے کوایڈز خود نہیں پھیلتا

ایچ آئی وی ایڈز میں کیسے تبدیل ہوتا ہے؟

اگر علاج نہ ہو تو:

  • وائرس آہستہ آہستہ مدافعتی نظام کو ختم کرتا ہے

  • کئی سال بعد ایڈز پیدا ہو سکتا ہے

اگر علاج جاری رہے تو:

  • ایچ آئی وی ایڈز میں تبدیل نہیں ہوتا


تشخیص اور ٹیسٹ

ایچ آئی وی کی تشخیص کے لیے:

  • خون کے ٹیسٹ

  • وائرس کی مقدار کی جانچ

  • دفاعی خلیات کی گنتی

ایڈز کی تشخیص جسمانی کمزوری اور شدید انفیکشنز سے کی جاتی ہے۔


علاج اور بچاؤ

  • ایچ آئی وی کا مکمل علاج نہیں

  • باقاعدہ دواؤں سے وائرس کنٹرول میں رہتا ہے

  • بروقت علاج ایڈز سے بچاتا ہے

  • احتیاطی تدابیر بیماری کو پھیلنے سے روکتی ہیں


خلاصہ

ایچ آئی وی وائرس ہے۔
ایڈز بیماری کی آخری حالت ہے۔
ایچ آئی وی کا علاج ایڈز سے مکمل بچاؤ ہے۔


نتیجہ

ایچ آئی وی اور ایڈز میں فرق کو سمجھنا خوف ختم کرتا ہے۔
علم، علاج اور احتیاط کے ذریعے صحت مند زندگی ممکن ہے۔


اکثر پوچھے جانے والے سوالات

سوال: کیا ہر ایچ آئی وی مریض کو ایڈز ہو جاتا ہے؟
جواب: نہیں، علاج سے ایڈز سے بچاؤ ممکن ہے۔

سوال: کیا ایڈز چھونے سے پھیلتا ہے؟
جواب: نہیں۔



ایچ آئی وی: وجوہات، آغاز، تشخیص، بچاؤ، علاج اور صحت مند زندگی — ایک جامع طبی رہنمائی

تعارف English Version

ایچ آئی وی ایک ایسی وائرل بیماری ہے جس نے دنیا بھر میں صحتِ عامہ کو گہرے طور پر متاثر کیا ہے۔ اگرچہ اس بیماری پر دہائیوں سے تحقیق جاری ہے، اس کے باوجود معاشرے میں اس کے متعلق غلط فہمیاں، خوف اور بدنامی پائی جاتی ہے۔

اس مضمون کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ ایچ آئی وی سے متعلق مستند، سائنسی اور درست معلومات کو سادہ اور واضح اردو زبان میں پیش کیا جائے تاکہ ہر طبقے کے افراد اس کو سمجھ سکیں اور اپنی صحت کے بارے میں درست فیصلے کر سکیں۔


ایچ آئی وی کیا ہے؟

ایچ آئی وی ایک ایسا وائرس ہے جو انسانی جسم کے دفاعی نظام پر حملہ کرتا ہے۔ یہ خاص طور پر اُن خلیات کو نقصان پہنچاتا ہے جو جسم کو بیماریوں سے بچانے میں بنیادی کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔

جب یہ وائرس جسم میں داخل ہوتا ہے تو:

  • دفاعی نظام کمزور ہونا شروع ہو جاتا ہے

  • عام انفیکشن بھی خطرناک بن سکتے ہیں

  • بروقت علاج نہ ہونے کی صورت میں بیماری آخری مرحلے میں داخل ہو سکتی ہے


ایچ آئی وی کا آغاز کہاں سے ہوا؟

سائنسی شواہد کے مطابق:

  • ایچ آئی وی کا سب سے پہلا تصدیق شدہ کیس انیس سو انسٹھ میں وسطی افریقہ میں سامنے آیا

  • یہ وائرس جانوروں سے انسانوں میں منتقل ہوا

  • انیس سو اکیاسی میں اس بیماری کو عالمی سطح پر پہچانا گیا

یہ وائرس وقت کے ساتھ پھیلتا گیا اور مختلف ممالک میں سامنے آیا۔


ایچ آئی وی کیوں ہوتا ہے؟

ایچ آئی وی عام میل جول سے نہیں پھیلتا۔
یہ درج ذیل طریقوں سے منتقل ہوتا ہے:

غیر محفوظ جنسی تعلق

  • حفاظتی تدابیر کے بغیر تعلق

  • ایک سے زیادہ جنسی ساتھی

متاثرہ خون کے ذریعے

  • سرنج یا سوئی کا مشترکہ استعمال

  • بغیر جانچ شدہ خون کی منتقلی

ماں سے بچے کو منتقلی

  • حمل کے دوران

  • پیدائش کے وقت

  • دودھ پلانے کے ذریعے


ایچ آئی وی جسم میں کیسے بڑھتا ہے؟

ابتدائی مرحلہ

  • بخار، جسم درد، تھکن

  • اکثر فلو جیسی علامات

خاموش مرحلہ

  • کوئی واضح علامات نہیں

  • وائرس آہستہ آہستہ بڑھتا رہتا ہے

آخری مرحلہ

  • جسم کا دفاعی نظام شدید کمزور

  • بار بار بیماریاں


اگر ایچ آئی وی کا شک ہو تو کون سے ٹیسٹ ضروری ہیں؟

ایچ آئی وی اینٹی باڈی ٹیسٹ

  • جسم میں بیماری کے خلاف ردِعمل جانچتا ہے

مشترکہ اینٹی جن اور اینٹی باڈی ٹیسٹ

  • بیماری کی جلد تشخیص میں مددگار

وائرل مقدار کا ٹیسٹ

  • خون میں وائرس کی مقدار معلوم کرتا ہے

مدافعتی خلیات کی گنتی

  • جسم کی قوت کا اندازہ لگاتا ہے


دنیا میں ایچ آئی وی کے سب سے زیادہ کیس کہاں پائے جاتے ہیں؟

ایچ آئی وی دنیا کے ہر خطے میں موجود ہے، مگر:

  • سب سے زیادہ کیس افریقہ کے جنوبی اور مشرقی علاقوں میں پائے جاتے ہیں

  • کئی ممالک میں غربت اور صحت کی سہولیات کی کمی اس کی بڑی وجہ ہے


ایچ آئی وی سے بچاؤ کے طریقے

  • محفوظ جنسی تعلق

  • سرنج اور خون کے استعمال میں احتیاط

  • بروقت طبی جانچ

  • حاملہ خواتین کی اسکریننگ


اگر کسی کو ایچ آئی وی ہو جائے تو دوسروں کو کیسے محفوظ رکھا جا سکتا ہے؟

اگر مریض:

  • باقاعدگی سے دوا لیتا ہے

  • ڈاکٹر کی ہدایات پر عمل کرتا ہے

تو:

  • بیماری پھیلنے کا خطرہ نہ ہونے کے برابر رہ جاتا ہے


ایچ آئی وی والے والدین کا بچہ کیسے محفوظ رہ سکتا ہے؟

درست علاج اور احتیاط سے:

  • بچہ صحت مند پیدا ہو سکتا ہے

  • بیماری منتقل ہونے کا خطرہ ایک فیصد سے بھی کم ہو جاتا ہے


ایچ آئی وی کا علاج

ایچ آئی وی کا مکمل خاتمہ ممکن نہیں، مگر:

  • ادویات کے ذریعے بیماری کنٹرول میں رہتی ہے

  • مریض عام زندگی گزار سکتا ہے


ایچ آئی وی اور خوراک

متوازن غذا:

  • جسم کو مضبوط بناتی ہے

  • ادویات کے اثر کو بہتر کرتی ہے

فائدہ مند غذائیں

  • دالیں، سبزیاں، پھل

  • انڈے، مچھلی

  • صاف پانی


ذہنی اور سماجی پہلو

ایچ آئی وی ذہنی دباؤ کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔
خاندانی تعاون، مشاورت اور آگاہی نہایت ضروری ہے۔


خلاصہ

ایچ آئی وی:

  • قابلِ بچاؤ بیماری ہے

  • قابلِ کنٹرول مرض ہے

  • بروقت تشخیص زندگی بچا سکتی ہے


نتیجہ

ایچ آئی وی کے بارے میں درست معلومات ہی سب سے بڑا ہتھیار ہیں۔
علم، احتیاط اور علاج سے نہ صرف اپنی بلکہ دوسروں کی زندگی بھی محفوظ بنائی جا سکتی ہے۔


اکثر پوچھے جانے والے سوالات

سوال: کیا ایچ آئی وی عام ہاتھ ملانے سے پھیلتا ہے؟
جواب: نہیں۔

سوال: کیا ایچ آئی وی کے مریض شادی کر سکتے ہیں؟
جواب: جی ہاں، ڈاکٹر کی نگرانی میں۔

HIV: Causes, Global Origin, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Long-Term Living — A Comprehensive Medical & Public Health Review

Introduction اردو

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains one of the most studied yet most misunderstood infectious diseases in modern medicine. Despite major scientific breakthroughs, widespread treatment availability, and decades of global awareness campaigns, HIV continues to affect millions of people worldwide.

This article is written from a medical, research, and public-health perspective with one core objective: to provide accurate, stigma-free, evidence-based information in a way that is understandable for doctors, researchers, students, policymakers, and the general public alike.

Rather than focusing on fear, this article focuses on facts, prevention, early diagnosis, effective treatment, and quality of life.

HIV: Causes, Global Origin, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment, and Long-Term Living — A Comprehensive Medical & Public Health Review



What Is HIV? (Medical Explanation)

HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the human immune system, specifically targeting CD4+ T lymphocytes, which play a central role in defending the body against infections.

When HIV enters the body:

  • It integrates into the host’s DNA

  • It slowly destroys immune cells

  • It weakens the body’s ability to fight infections and certain cancers

If untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) — the most advanced stage of infection.

(Reference: World Health Organization, National Institutes of Health)


Where Did HIV First Appear? (Historical Background)

Scientific evidence indicates that:

  • The earliest confirmed HIV infection dates back to 1959 in Central Africa, specifically present-day Democratic Republic of Congo

  • HIV likely evolved from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees

  • Cross-species transmission occurred through blood exposure during hunting or meat handling

HIV was officially recognized as a new disease in 1981, when clusters of rare infections appeared in the United States.

(Reference: CDC historical archives, UNAIDS research reports)


Why Does HIV Occur? (Modes of Transmission)

HIV is not spread by casual contact. It requires direct exposure to specific body fluids from an infected person.

Primary Transmission Routes

1. Unprotected Sexual Contact

  • Vaginal or anal sex without condoms

  • Multiple sexual partners

  • Presence of other sexually transmitted infections

2. Blood Exposure

  • Sharing needles or syringes

  • Non-screened blood transfusions

  • Unsafe medical or cosmetic procedures

3. Mother-to-Child Transmission

  • During pregnancy

  • During childbirth

  • Through breastfeeding (if untreated)

4. Occupational Exposure

  • Needle-stick injuries (healthcare workers)


How HIV Affects the Body (Disease Progression)

Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection

  • Occurs 2–4 weeks after exposure

  • Symptoms resemble flu: fever, rash, sore throat, fatigue

  • Viral load is extremely high

Stage 2: Chronic (Latent) HIV

  • Few or no symptoms

  • Virus continues to replicate

  • Can last many years with treatment

Stage 3: AIDS

  • CD4 count falls critically low

  • Severe opportunistic infections

  • Increased risk of cancers


If You Suspect HIV: Essential Medical Tests

Early testing saves lives. If exposure or symptoms occur, the following tests are recommended:

1. HIV Antibody Test

  • Detects antibodies produced by the immune system

  • Most common screening test

2. HIV Antigen/Antibody Combination Test

  • Detects both antibodies and viral antigens

  • Can identify infection earlier

3. HIV RNA (Viral Load) Test

  • Detects the virus directly

  • Used for early detection and treatment monitoring

4. CD4 Count Test

  • Measures immune system strength

  • Guides treatment decisions

5. Drug Resistance Testing

  • Determines which medications will work best

(Reference: WHO clinical testing guidelines)


Where Are the Most HIV Cases in the World? (Global Statistics)

HIV distribution is not equal across the world.

Regions With Highest HIV Burden

  • Sub-Saharan Africa (accounts for over 65% of global cases)

  • Eastern and Southern Africa have the highest prevalence

Countries With Large HIV Populations

  • South Africa

  • Nigeria

  • Mozambique

  • Tanzania

  • Kenya

  • India

Key Factors Behind High Prevalence

  • Limited healthcare access

  • Poverty

  • Gender inequality

  • Lack of education

  • Stigma and delayed testing

(Reference: UNAIDS global epidemiology data)


How to Protect Yourself and Others From HIV

Safe Sexual Practices

  • Consistent condom use

  • Mutual testing between partners

  • Limiting sexual partners

Medical Prevention

  • Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for high-risk individuals

  • Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) within 72 hours after exposure

Blood and Injection Safety

  • Never share needles

  • Use certified medical facilities


What If Someone Already Has HIV? How Can Others Be Protected?

This is one of the most important public-health questions.

Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U)

When:

  • A person takes ART regularly

  • Viral load becomes undetectable

Then:

  • HIV cannot be transmitted sexually

This is a scientifically proven fact supported by large clinical trials.


How Can a Baby Be Protected If Parents Have HIV?

With modern medicine, HIV-free babies are possible.

Key Medical Steps

  • HIV testing during pregnancy

  • Immediate ART treatment for the mother

  • Controlled delivery methods

  • Avoiding breastfeeding when alternatives exist

  • Preventive medication for the newborn

Transmission risk can be reduced to less than 1%.


Treatment of HIV (Medical Management)

Is There a Cure?

Currently, no permanent cure, but:

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

  • Suppresses viral replication

  • Restores immune function

  • Enables normal life expectancy

ART must be:

  • Taken daily

  • Monitored regularly

  • Continued lifelong


Nutrition and Diet for HIV-Positive Individuals

Diet does not cure HIV, but it strengthens immunity.

Recommended Nutrition

  • Lean proteins (fish, eggs, legumes)

  • Whole grains

  • Fruits and vegetables

  • Healthy fats

  • Adequate hydration

Foods to Limit

  • Alcohol

  • Excess sugar

  • Raw or contaminated foods


Mental and Social Health

HIV affects more than the body:

  • Anxiety

  • Depression

  • Social isolation

Psychological counseling, family support, and education are essential components of care.


Summary

HIV is:

  • Preventable

  • Treatable

  • Manageable

Early diagnosis and consistent treatment transform HIV from a fatal disease into a chronic manageable condition.


Conclusion

HIV should no longer be viewed through fear or stigma. Medical science has proven that:

  • People with HIV can live long, productive lives

  • Transmission can be effectively prevented

  • Babies can be born HIV-free

  • Awareness saves lives

Knowledge is the most powerful tool against HIV.


Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: Can HIV be cured permanently?
No, but it can be fully controlled with ART.

Q2: Can HIV-positive people marry and have families?
Yes, with proper medical guidance.

Q3: How often should HIV tests be done?
Based on risk, at least once a year or as advised by a doctor.

Q4: Does HIV spread through casual contact?
No.



Monday, December 13, 2021

What is unhealthy lifestyle?

 An unhealthy lifestyle is characterized by behaviors that harm your health, such as skipping breakfast and overindulging in food, drinking too much alcohol or watching too much television, smoking, eating junk food, and not exercising. Furthermore, thousands of chemicals are present in your surroundings, at work, at home, in the air, and in the food that you eat every day. Nowadays, we consume more processed food and fast food. Many of you are constantly abusing your bodies with medicines that you can avoid.

What is unhealthy lifestyle?


Children are eating fast food and drinking soda. An herbicide, pesticide, and fungicide are applied to the foods during their growth. More than 90% of the drugs administered to milk animals do not have government approval. 

During the growing process of most cattle, hormones, predominantly estrogen, were given to them. Meat and dairy consumers are likely to suffer adverse health effects due to antibiotic resistance, hormone problems, and toxins. In the most natural form, a diet containing fruits, vegetables, and seeds in plenty of protein and other nutrients is healthy.

When stressed, many people make unhealthy lifestyles choices that negatively impact their heart health. 

Causes of unhealthy lifestyle

Common causes and unhealthy lifestyle choices:

  • Smoke 
  • Drink Alcohol
  • Exercise less
  • Sleepless
  • Eat junk food
  • Stay plugged in
  • Unhealthy Habits Cause Hearing Loss
  • Unhealthy Habits cause cancer

Smoke

What is unhealthy lifestyle?


In smoking, you deprive your body of oxygen, essential for the body's functioning. Additionally, smoking affects your arteries by causing them to accumulate plaque. A blood clot may result when plaque accumulates in your arteries, which can block them. Blood flow through your route can be stopped if the chunk is large enough. If this happens, you can suffer a heart attack or stroke.

There is no single or more important factor contributing to health inequalities than smoking, the most significant preventable cause of ill health, disease and death.

Worcestershire has approximately 2700 smoking-related deaths every year. The two most important things a person can do to improve their health are quitting smoking and being physically active.

Drink alcohol

In your lifetime, you could seriously hurt your health if you drink more than two standard drinks per day. People with depression or anxiety are especially vulnerable to addiction, increasing the risk of suicide. In addition, alcohol is a carcinogen, so even tiny amounts increase your risk.

Drinking excessively or constantly damages your heart over time. As a general rule, the AHA recommends men not consume more than two drinks per day, and women should not consume more than one. You are more likely to suffer a stroke or high blood pressure if you consume more alcohol. Unfortunately, one-third of Worcestershire's adults drink to a level that can negatively affect their health.

Exercise less

Regular physical activity has numerous benefits, including maintaining a healthy weight. In addition, following a diet and modifying your exercise routine to include high-intensity exercise can have a significant impact on your energy level, physical appearance, and overall health.

Certain exercise styles lead to an extremely high level of physical exhaustion, which may be more detrimental than helpful. Consistent, high-intensity workouts may provide fat loss, strength gains, and fitness improvement, but training hard is not the same as overtraining.

A physically active lifestyle may include running swiftly and lifting heavy, but these activities can overtrain if performed too frequently or intensively. Exercise not only helps you lower stress, but it also improves your health by strengthening your heart muscle, lowering your blood pressure and maintaining a healthy weight. Exercising also releases hormones called endorphins that help you relax and cope.

Sleepless

People first give up when they're pressed for time is sleep. In their opinion, limiting the amount of time they spend sleeping is a more beneficial strategy than spending more time sleeping. Unfortunately, insufficient sleep can have serious long-term health consequences and impact productivity and time management.

There are many costs associated with poor sleep that go unnoticed. Several diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and heart disease, are long-term disorders that result from several factors, including genetics, poor nutrition, and inactivity. Getting insufficient sleep is also considered a risk factor for these health conditions and several others. Despite scientists' recent discoveries that inadequate sleep can cause disease, most experts conclude that adequate sleep may be as important as proper nutrition and physical activity in maintaining good health.

The lack of sleep can strain your heart and increase your stress level. Aim for seven to nine hours of sleep each night to prevent heart disease. If you miss that afternoon coffee, you will be better off.

Stay plugged in

If you've had a long day, lying on the couch watching TV or using your Smartphone sounds lovely, but it could be harmful too! The problem with stress is that it never leaves you. So it is best to decompress by stepping away from the computer, phone, and television. While you're reading, listening to music or taking a bath, use this time to relax.

Eat junk food

Junk food is a food or beverage with little or no nutritional value (e.g. vitamins, minerals, fiber) high in calories, fat, sugar, and salt. The opposite is fast food, which is fast food ordered from a restaurant and delivered to your door as quickly as possible. Although some fast food can be healthy, the vast majority is junk food. Healthy fast food options include sushi, salads, and sandwiches. The majority of fast-food restaurants, including McDonald's and KFC, offer unhealthy junk food. It is essential to understand what types of foods you eat when stressed and what they are doing to your body over time.

Unhealthy Habits Cause Hearing Loss

A person's hearing ability and health are connected, but many people are unaware of that connection. Numerous recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between hearing and health. But, surprisingly, there are still several people unaware that their hearing is directly affected by an unhealthy lifestyle. This article explores these negative impacts and shows you how they can be prevented from occurring.

Hearing Loud Sounds

Being exposed to loud sounds is another unhealthy lifestyle that can harm hearing and health. People can experience long- and short-term hearing damage at a concert, for example, because the range of noises can affect their hearing. In addition, the loudness of the speaker, video games, and activities like hunting can all damage your hearing in the long run. Eventually, you may not be able to restore the damage.

Do Not Visit A Doctor

You should see your doctor regularly since it is beneficial for your health. Your hearing health will be assessed, and they will offer suggestions on how to improve your lifestyle. As well as tracking your hearing over time, they can also help you take prompt action to treat any changes.

Stagnant Lifestyle

The cause of hearing loss related to being overweight is one of the least likely to occur. However, sedentary behavior is directly linked to obesity and diabetes, two diseases with high mortality rates. Increased body fat percentages combined with diabetes can reduce blood circulation. It can lead to the loss of oxygen and nutrients to the parts of your brain that govern the hearing. Stress is prevented, and better physical and mental health is achieved by practicing regular self-care. Diet, exercise, and sleep are all key to a healthy lifestyle essential to maintaining good health, one of the most critical aspects of the Coronavirus pandemic for the past year.

Listening To MP3 Players

The music players are famous among people who exercise or feel bored. But, unfortunately, you are sending the sound directly into your inner ear every time you use headphones or earbuds, which can cause chronic and acute hearing damage.

Smoking

There has been an increase in smoking-related hearing loss in recent years. Unfortunately, many people do not realize this link. The chemical compounds in cigarettes cause harm to vibration sensors in the ear, which is why smoking is an unhealthy habit in and of itself. As a result, you will have difficulty picking up more minor sounds.

Unhealthy lifestyles cause cancer.

Cancer is the growth of uncontrolled, abnormal cells throughout the body. Lifestyle choices affect your risk of developing cancer. The unhealthy lifestyle choices you make directly impact your risk of developing cancer. Are you aware of this? As a result of smoking and drinking, cancer occurs in the lungs, oesophagus, larynx, oropharynx, bladder, uterus, stomach, pancreas, and rectal tract. The obesity epidemic and increased alcohol consumption are responsible for breast cancer. In addition, skin cancer is primarily caused by ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

 In any form, avoid tobacco: Chewing tobacco can cause numerous cancers, including pancreatic and oral cancers. Smokers are also at risk of lung cancer from secondhand smoke, even if they do not use tobacco. If you do not use tobacco, do not expose yourself to it. Do not smoke, use hookah, and smoke cigars. A doctor can guide you properly on quitting smoking after consulting with a smoking cessation program.

  • Including all essential vitamins and minerals in the diet enhances your well-being and keeps cancer at bay. Ensure you consume fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, whole grains and grains. Cut Trans fats and saturated fats down as much as you possibly can. Eat less fried food. You will also benefit from limiting your alcohol intake.
  • Are you overweight or obese? Keep a healthy weight by exercising and maintaining a healthy diet.
  • Then it would be best if you began exercising immediately to prevent breast, colon, lung, and kidney cancers.
  • The amount of exercise per week is 150 minutes. The varieties of activities you can engage in include yoga, running, swimming, cycling, exercising, and even aerobics—workout for 30 minutes every day. Exercise can help you lose weight and live longer.

In the next 20 to 30 years, the WHO predicts more than 17 million cancer-related deaths globally if unhealthy lifestyles remain unchanged.

According to WHO Regional Director for Africa, Matshidiso Moeti, African nations will suffer the most from the disease. The global death toll from cancer was 8.8 million in 2015, the second-leading cause of death after heart disease. Ms Moeti said international cancer death rates are expected to double within 20-30 years, with countries in Africa expected to be the most affected.

A rising population in Africa, persistent chronic infections, unhealthy lifestyle choices, and overweight factors are among the factors contributing to the increasing number of cancer cases. Among other unhealthy lifestyle choices listed in the publication are eating too little fruit and vegetables, not getting enough physical activity, and smoking and drinking alcohol.

The main factors influencing such choices are forces that are beyond human control, including cheap, unhealthy foods available at grocery stores and schools and poorly planned cities.

The medical editor at large for Everyday Health explores how mental health stigmas, a distrust of the medical profession, and other factors impede access to mental health, emphasizing mental health as an equal priority to physical health.

Black Americans who desire to work with a culturally responsive mental health professional might find it challenging to find a good match with a mental health professional. Currently, there are very few Black practitioners in the field. In addition, access to health care, whether insured or not, is also tricky. Due to these tumultuous events, black communities have encouraged conversations about mental health, which had been taboo for years.

Conclusion

Long-term and short-term consequences of unhealthy lifestyles can cause serious diseases, with dramatic effects on individuals and their families and society. An unhealthy lifestyle affects millions of people each year. For example, fast food is what you order from a restaurant and have delivered right to your door. However, most fast food is unhealthy.

Thus, they risk falling ill, suffering disabilities, and even dying. In addition, a lousy lifestyle may lead to health problems such as metabolic disorders, joint and skeletal disorders, cardiovascular issues, hypertension, obesity, violence, etc. Knowing how to control stress, it is helpful to know what kinds of foods you consume and what effect they have on your body over time. 

Thursday, November 11, 2021

Staying mentally sharp

Staying mentally sharp

 Boost your memory and develop habits that can help counter age-related memory loss:

• Make associations

For example, if you’re introduced to Fred who has red hair, link his name to his hair color.

• Choose what to remember

If you meet several people at once, focus on remembering a few key names.

• Recite, retrieve and review

Recite key information several times to learn it and retrieve it often. Review information you’ll need, such as paging through your high-school yearbook before your reunion.

• Break it down

Break down new information into units. For example, to memorize a long-distance phone number, break it down into the area code, three-digit exchange and four remaining numbers.

• Pay attention

Forgetfulness may indicate nothing more than having too much on your mind. Slow down and pay full attention to the task at hand. Reduce distractions.

• Keep track of appointments, tasks and contacts

Use appointment books, calendars, to-do lists, address books or computer software — whatever works for you.

• Develop routines

For example, put frequently used items such as keys in a designated spot when not using them.

• Create rituals and cues for common tasks

For example, make sure your keys are in hand before locking your car doors. Place packages you need to mail near the front door so that you won’t forget them.

• Consider meditation

Preliminary research indicates that meditation increases blood flow to the area of the brain that’s associated with memory.

Exercising for a healthy heart

Exercising for a healthy heart

 If you exercise regularly, you may lower your risk of a heart attack & stroke. If you’re middle-aged or older & haven’t been exercising regularly or have a chronic health problem, work with your doctor to develop an exercise program. To condition your heart safely:

• Start at a comfortable level of exertion

Try walking five to 10 minutes over a short distance indoors. Increase five minutes a session, as tolerated.

• Schedule regular exercise

Aim for 30 to 60 minutes a day of low- to moderate-intensity physical activity.

• Include variety

Combine three types of exercise — stretching (flexibility), endurance (aerobic) & strengthening (weight training) — & three levels of intensity — warm-up, workout level & cool-down — in each exercise session.

• Cross-train to reduce your risk of injury

Alternate among exercises that emphasize different parts of the body, such as swimming, bicycling & walking.

• Don’t overdo it

Start slowly & build up gradually, allowing time between sessions for your body to rest & recover. & forget the saying “No pain, no gain.” A little muscle soreness when you do something new isn’t unusual, but soreness doesn’t equal pain. If it hurts, stop doing it.

• Increase your physical activity

Even routine activities such as gardening, climbing stairs or washing floors can burn calories & help improve your health, although not at the same level as a structured exercise program. Just keep moving: Walk or bike to the store instead of driving, park farther away at the shopping mall, take the stairs instead of an elevator.


Monday, November 8, 2021

Tips to Manage Anxiety and Stress

 Try these when you're feeling anxious or stressed:

  • Take a time-out. Practice yoga, listen to music, meditate, get a massage, or learn relaxation techniques. Stepping back from the problem helps clear your head.
  • Eat well-balanced meals. Do not skip any meals. Do keep healthful, energy-boosting snacks on hand.
  • Limit alcohol & caffeine, which can aggravate anxiety & trigger panic attacks.
  • Get enough sleep. When stressed, your body needs additional sleep & rest.
  • Exercise daily to help you feel good & maintain your health. Check out the fitness tips below.
  • Take deep breaths. Inhale & exhale slowly.
  • Count to 10 slowly. Repeat, & count to 20 if necessary.
  • Do your best. Instead of aiming for perfection, which isn't possible, be proud of however close you get.
  • Accept that you cannot control everything. Put your stress in perspective: Is it really as bad as you think?
  • Welcome humor. A good laugh goes a long way.
  • Maintain a positive attitude. Make an effort to replace negative thoughts with positive ones.
  • Get involved. Volunteer or find another way to be active in your community, which creates a support network & gives you a break from everyday stress.
  • Learn what triggers your anxiety. Is it work, family, school, or something else you can identify? Write in a journal when you’re feeling stressed or anxious, & look for a pattern.
  • Talk to someone. Tell friends & family you’re feeling overwhelmed, & let them know how they can help you. Talk to a physician or therapist for professional help.

 

Fitness Tips: Stay Healthy, Manage Stress


For the biggest benefits of exercise, try to include at least 2½ hours of moderate-intensity physical activity (e.g. brisk walking) each week, 1¼ hours of a vigorous-intensity activity (such as jogging or swimming laps), or a combination of the two.

  • 5 X 30: Jog, walk, bike, or dance three to five times a week for 30 minutes.
  • Set small daily goals & aim for daily consistency rather than perfect workouts. It's better to walk every day for 15-20 minutes than to wait until the weekend for a three-hour fitness marathon. Lots of scientific data suggests that frequency is most important.
  • Find forms of exercise that are fun or enjoyable. Extroverted people often like classes & group activities. People who are more introverted often prefer solo pursuits.
  • Distract yourself with an iPod or other portable media player to download audiobooks, podcasts, or music. Many people find it’s more fun to exercise while listening to something they enjoy.
  • Recruit an “exercise buddy.” It's often easier to stick to your exercise routine when you have to stay committed to a friend, partner, or colleague.
  • Be patient when you start a new exercise program. Most sedentary people require about four to eight weeks to feel coordinated & sufficiently in shape so that exercise feels easier.